With the World Ocean Conference 2009 happening next year in May on the northeastern Indonesian island of Sulawesi, direct flights to Manado from Davao, Philippines are expected to balloon many times over.
Considered the world's biggest event to take place next year in Indonesia, the World Ocean Conference is expected to draw some 10,000 international delegates from all over the world, accompanied by over 2,000 journalists, according to city councilor Peter Lavina, chairman of the committee on trade, commerce and industry of the city council in this bustling southern Philippine city.
Lavina revealed that presidents of the world's most powerful nations like US, China, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, heads of states, kings, queens, as well as top scientists and environmentalists will tackle wide-ranging topics on saving the world's oceans, protecting coral reefs, climate change, pollution, disappearing forests and global warming.
world ocean conferenceLavina, one of the most active advocates of the direct Davao-Manado flight urged the government and various industry groups here to prepare for the World Ocean Conference in Manado which is only an hour's flying time from this southern city.
"Let's take full advantage of this rare global event ---- it's going to attract thousands of international delegates and many of them will use this shorter, direct route from Davao to Manado instead of the longer route from Jakarta," Lavina said.
Direct flights from Davao to Manado was revived three months ago after the Indonesian airline, Sriwijaya Air, which used to ply the route gave up its operations late last year due to lack of air passengers.
A new Indonesian airline, Wings Air, took over the suspended route and revived the air traffic between the two neighboring cities which was established some years ago by the economic grouping of BIMP-EAGA (Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines- East Asean Growth Area)
Trade Undersecretary Merly Cruz said this is exactly what the BIMP-EAGA group anticipated when the four countries agreed to establish direct air and sea linkages with each other to promote trade, tourism and investments in this part of the world.
"With these direct air and sea links, we're now seeing the growth of more trade deals, more tour packages, more investments and more venture partnerships between the four Asean countries," says Cruz who also chairs the BIMP-EAGA Senior Ministers Meetings in the region.
Daniel Jacobs, Wings Air district engineer for Manado said more and more passengers from Davao are filling up the seats of their 52-seater jetprop aircraft which flies weekly to Manado.
"Our flights are mostly fully booked--if we can't fill up the seats, we can always take in more cargo," Jacobs told mediamen here.
Most of the passengers today who use the direct Davao-Manado flights are local traders who buy cheap goods from Sulawesi and ship them back to Davao.
Others include overseas Filipino workers who work in Indonesia or Malaysia, businessmen who run joint-venture firms, fishermen and crew of Indonesian fishing vessels and foreign tourists looking for adventure in the exotic islands of Indonesia, according to Jacobs.
For the coming World Ocean Conference, Lavina said Indonesian airlines might be forced to come up with several bigger aircraft like the Airbus 330 to handle special chartered flights from Davao to accommodate the thousands of delegates and journalists on their way to Manado for the weeklong
Monday, February 2, 2009
Overseas Shipping in the Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is a massive body of water that separates the continents of Europe and Africa from North and South America. It stretches from the Arctic Circle all the way down to the South Pole and is subject to every type of weather and climate known to man. Overseas shipping on the Atlantic Ocean has a long and storied history that needs to be reviewed to understand the nature of overseas shipping today.
Overseas shipping on the Atlantic Ocean before the 15th Century was limited to the countries of Europe and Africa. The two continents on the far western end of the Atlantic had not yet been discovered and sailors believed that the world was flat so if you went too far you fell off the edge. Ships generally kept close to the coast and only traversed open water in the inland Mediterranean and Red Seas.
In 1492, an adventurer named Columbus, who believed that the world was round, used his knowledge of currents and winds and crossed the Atlantic for the first time. He discovered the Americas and showed others a new sailing route. Overseas shipping of people and supplies followed shortly after. The routes that Columbus took both to America and back to Europe are still used by overseas shipping companies today.
The current that carried Columbus to the Caribbean over five hundred years ago runs south from the coast of Spain, through the Canary and Madeira Islands and across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies, where he landed. The current that goes back across the Atlantic goes up the East Coast of the United States and north to just above the 45th parallel. Ironically, it flows almost directly into the island of Great Britain.
Currents were very important for sailing ships in the centuries after Columbus and leading up to the development of modern ships that are powered by oil or steam. They make a voyage faster and less likely to end tragically from a lack of movement. Winds tend to blow simultaneously with the current so sailing ships stuck to the same route. Overseas shipping became a matter of staying in shipping lanes and getting there faster than your competitor.
Today, ships can move easily against the current or with no current at all, but the shipping lanes have been established by over five hundred years of overseas shipping between Europe and America. Currents also save on water resistance, or drag, that can slow a ship down and cause it to burn extra fuel. Overseas shipping rates are expensive as it is and time is an important factor in the shipping industry. Those overseas shipping companies that have the fastest delivery times tend to be the most successful.
The shipping practices and the bravery of men like Columbus and others who sailed into uncharted waters have plotted a course for the merchants of today. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean now is as common as crossing Main Street in your home town. Overseas shipping is a multi-billion dollar industry that brings the world closer together and helps us all live just a little more comfortably.
Overseas shipping on the Atlantic Ocean before the 15th Century was limited to the countries of Europe and Africa. The two continents on the far western end of the Atlantic had not yet been discovered and sailors believed that the world was flat so if you went too far you fell off the edge. Ships generally kept close to the coast and only traversed open water in the inland Mediterranean and Red Seas.
In 1492, an adventurer named Columbus, who believed that the world was round, used his knowledge of currents and winds and crossed the Atlantic for the first time. He discovered the Americas and showed others a new sailing route. Overseas shipping of people and supplies followed shortly after. The routes that Columbus took both to America and back to Europe are still used by overseas shipping companies today.
The current that carried Columbus to the Caribbean over five hundred years ago runs south from the coast of Spain, through the Canary and Madeira Islands and across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies, where he landed. The current that goes back across the Atlantic goes up the East Coast of the United States and north to just above the 45th parallel. Ironically, it flows almost directly into the island of Great Britain.
Currents were very important for sailing ships in the centuries after Columbus and leading up to the development of modern ships that are powered by oil or steam. They make a voyage faster and less likely to end tragically from a lack of movement. Winds tend to blow simultaneously with the current so sailing ships stuck to the same route. Overseas shipping became a matter of staying in shipping lanes and getting there faster than your competitor.
Today, ships can move easily against the current or with no current at all, but the shipping lanes have been established by over five hundred years of overseas shipping between Europe and America. Currents also save on water resistance, or drag, that can slow a ship down and cause it to burn extra fuel. Overseas shipping rates are expensive as it is and time is an important factor in the shipping industry. Those overseas shipping companies that have the fastest delivery times tend to be the most successful.
The shipping practices and the bravery of men like Columbus and others who sailed into uncharted waters have plotted a course for the merchants of today. Crossing the Atlantic Ocean now is as common as crossing Main Street in your home town. Overseas shipping is a multi-billion dollar industry that brings the world closer together and helps us all live just a little more comfortably.
Call for Papers on WOC 2009
Call for Papers on WOC 2009
Submitted by markus.lasut on Thu, 07/10/2008 - 09:33
CALL FOR PAPERS
Marine Pollution Session,
International Ocean Science, Technology and Policy Symposium,
World Ocean Conference, May 11-15, 2009,
Manado, North Sulawesi, INDONESIA
Dear Madam/Sir,
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I take great pleasure to invite you to submit an abstract of paper to the Conference Secretariat of Marine Pollution Session in International Symposium of Ocean Science, Technology, and Policy; World Ocean Conference 2009 (Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia; May 11-15, 2009). Registration form and further information are posted on the conference website at http://www.woc2009.org and for the Marine Pollution Session at http://www.woc2009.org/symp_ses.php#27. Please note that the deadline for submission of abstract is on or before October 30th, 2008, and for full paper is on or before January 30th, 2009.
Should you have any queries concerning the symposium and conference, please do not hesitate to contact the Conference Secretary or alternatively you may contact me.
Look forward to your active participation.
Sincerely Yours,
Dr. Markus T. Lasut
Organizing Committee
International Ocean Science, Technology and Policy Symposium,
World Ocean Conference 2009,
E-mail: markuslasut@woc2009.org, markus_lasut@yahoo.com
#WOC 2009 Secretariat in Manado:
BAPPEDA Office 2nd floor,
Jl. 17 Agustus, No. 73, Manado 95119,
Manado, North Sulawesi, INDONESIA
Tel.: +62 431 861152
Fax.: +62 431 861394
Website: http://www.woc2009.org
E-mail: info@woc2009.org
Submitted by markus.lasut on Thu, 07/10/2008 - 09:33
CALL FOR PAPERS
Marine Pollution Session,
International Ocean Science, Technology and Policy Symposium,
World Ocean Conference, May 11-15, 2009,
Manado, North Sulawesi, INDONESIA
Dear Madam/Sir,
On behalf of the Organizing Committee, I take great pleasure to invite you to submit an abstract of paper to the Conference Secretariat of Marine Pollution Session in International Symposium of Ocean Science, Technology, and Policy; World Ocean Conference 2009 (Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia; May 11-15, 2009). Registration form and further information are posted on the conference website at http://www.woc2009.org and for the Marine Pollution Session at http://www.woc2009.org/symp_ses.php#27. Please note that the deadline for submission of abstract is on or before October 30th, 2008, and for full paper is on or before January 30th, 2009.
Should you have any queries concerning the symposium and conference, please do not hesitate to contact the Conference Secretary or alternatively you may contact me.
Look forward to your active participation.
Sincerely Yours,
Dr. Markus T. Lasut
Organizing Committee
International Ocean Science, Technology and Policy Symposium,
World Ocean Conference 2009,
E-mail: markuslasut@woc2009.org, markus_lasut@yahoo.com
#WOC 2009 Secretariat in Manado:
BAPPEDA Office 2nd floor,
Jl. 17 Agustus, No. 73, Manado 95119,
Manado, North Sulawesi, INDONESIA
Tel.: +62 431 861152
Fax.: +62 431 861394
Website: http://www.woc2009.org
E-mail: info@woc2009.org
Monday, January 19, 2009
Personnel at Manado mily airbase told to prepare for WOC 2009
Commander of the Air Force`s Operations Area II covering Eastern Indonesia Rear Marshal Yusan Sayuti has instructed the rank and file of Sam Ratulangi military airbase in Manado, North Sulawesi, to get ready for the World Ocean Conference (WOC 2009) to be held in the city on May 11-15 next year.
"From now on Sam Ratulangi airport should be made ready, especially where air transportation and security are concerned," Sayuti said at a ceremony marking the installation of Lt Col Bambang Wijanarko as commander of Sam Ratulangi military airbase to replace Lt Col Arif Mustofa in Manado on Wednesday.
He said the WOC-2009 would be attended by heads of state/government from hundreds of countries around the world, and therefore the air space over Manado in North Sulawesi should be made free of any security threat.
"Any threat, disturbance or challenge should be anticipated and prevented. Therefore, Sam Ratulangi airport should be made ready for the event," Sayuti said.
He said Manado`s airport was a very strategic facility because it was located in a region bordering the Philippines.
Earlier, when he received the secretary of the WOC 2009 organizing committee, Prof Indroyono Susilo, here recently, Sayuti said he would fully support the conference.
"We are going all-out to support this international event," Sayuti said, adding that his command would do everything within its power to ensure security at Sam Ratulangi airport to help make the World Ocean Conference in Manado a success.
Meanwhile, Indriyono Susilo, who is the secretary general of the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry, said delegates from at least 150 countries in the world would attend the conference.
He said through the WOC 2009, Indonesia would make every possible effort to turn maritime areas around North Sulawesi into world-class marine resorts.
"We hope the WOC 2009 will be a good momentum for Indonesia to turn North Sulawesi into a world-class tourist destination besides Bali," Indriyono said. (Makassar, ANTARA News)
"From now on Sam Ratulangi airport should be made ready, especially where air transportation and security are concerned," Sayuti said at a ceremony marking the installation of Lt Col Bambang Wijanarko as commander of Sam Ratulangi military airbase to replace Lt Col Arif Mustofa in Manado on Wednesday.
He said the WOC-2009 would be attended by heads of state/government from hundreds of countries around the world, and therefore the air space over Manado in North Sulawesi should be made free of any security threat.
"Any threat, disturbance or challenge should be anticipated and prevented. Therefore, Sam Ratulangi airport should be made ready for the event," Sayuti said.
He said Manado`s airport was a very strategic facility because it was located in a region bordering the Philippines.
Earlier, when he received the secretary of the WOC 2009 organizing committee, Prof Indroyono Susilo, here recently, Sayuti said he would fully support the conference.
"We are going all-out to support this international event," Sayuti said, adding that his command would do everything within its power to ensure security at Sam Ratulangi airport to help make the World Ocean Conference in Manado a success.
Meanwhile, Indriyono Susilo, who is the secretary general of the Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Ministry, said delegates from at least 150 countries in the world would attend the conference.
He said through the WOC 2009, Indonesia would make every possible effort to turn maritime areas around North Sulawesi into world-class marine resorts.
"We hope the WOC 2009 will be a good momentum for Indonesia to turn North Sulawesi into a world-class tourist destination besides Bali," Indriyono said. (Makassar, ANTARA News)
Indonesia the first to form World Ocean Forum
Jakarta - Indonesia hoped the World Ocean Conference (WOC) scheduled in Manado, North Sulawesi, from May 11 to 15, 2009, would produce a World Ocean Forum.
A press release ANTARA received in Jakarta from the People`s Welfare Coordinating Ministry on Friday night said the statement was made by Minister of Marine and Fishery Affairs Freddy Numberi in his capacity of 2009 WOC chief organizer at a limited coordinating meeting on people`s welfare.
The working meeting was chaired by People`s Welfare Coordinating Minister Aburizal Bakrie, and attended by a number of cabinet ministers, Military (TNI) Chief General Djoko Santoso, and high-ranking government officials of the relevant ministries and government institutions.
Fredy also said that other results also expected from the 2009 WOC include a Manado Ocean Declaration (MOD) to be followed by a number of action plans, and implementation of the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) as a regional cooperation between the Philippines, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, the Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia.
It was also expected that the WOC would be followed by symposiums and exhibitions for an exchange of views and information on the development of the world`s oceans.
Meantime, the people`s welfare coordinating minister as host to the 2009 WOC has sent invitations to 121 countries and started building infrastructure facilities scheduled for completion by March 2009, while the North Sulawesi provincial administration has prepared 3,100 hotel and 3,000 home-stay rooms.
A press release ANTARA received in Jakarta from the People`s Welfare Coordinating Ministry on Friday night said the statement was made by Minister of Marine and Fishery Affairs Freddy Numberi in his capacity of 2009 WOC chief organizer at a limited coordinating meeting on people`s welfare.
The working meeting was chaired by People`s Welfare Coordinating Minister Aburizal Bakrie, and attended by a number of cabinet ministers, Military (TNI) Chief General Djoko Santoso, and high-ranking government officials of the relevant ministries and government institutions.
Fredy also said that other results also expected from the 2009 WOC include a Manado Ocean Declaration (MOD) to be followed by a number of action plans, and implementation of the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI) as a regional cooperation between the Philippines, Malaysia, Solomon Islands, the Fiji, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia.
It was also expected that the WOC would be followed by symposiums and exhibitions for an exchange of views and information on the development of the world`s oceans.
Meantime, the people`s welfare coordinating minister as host to the 2009 WOC has sent invitations to 121 countries and started building infrastructure facilities scheduled for completion by March 2009, while the North Sulawesi provincial administration has prepared 3,100 hotel and 3,000 home-stay rooms.
WOC 2009 committee involve in the Global Ocean Conference Hanoi 6 - 11 April 2008
Dr. Biliana Cicin-Sain, Co-Chair of Global Forum on Oceans, Coasts, and Islands, at her opening speech, said that this conference will convene the marine leaders from all over the world to discuss about global marine condition and expertise mobilization, political will and natural resources to go forward with the new way.
Marine sustainability and coastal areas are the front guard on climate change where the climate issue will radically change the marine sustainability and coastal areas, uncertainty increasing, demanding of strategy principled on climate change on sustainability process and requirement for increasing and applying the new way related with susceptible assessment and willingness to the difficult choice in facing negative impacts of the vulnerable community and ecosystem. At her opening speech, she also said that the agreements of this 4th Marine Global Conference will be discussed further and proceed in the World Ocean Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia on May 11-15th 2009.
At the gala dinner hosted by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Mr. Freddy Numberi, and The Governor of North Sulawesi, S.H Sarundajang, and The Embassy of Indonesia in Hanoi. Biliana said that Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country and possesses the highest marine biodiversity in the world is the precise place for hosting WOC 2009 and it was responded by applause from all the participants and guests of about 500 persons. Therefore, the Global Forum On Oceans, Coasts, and Islands fully supports and will totally assist this big event.
The Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Governor of North Sulawesi Indonesia accepted the appreciation from Global forum for their ideas and involvement in the effort to maintain marine and coastal ecosystem through the World Ocean Conference 2009 in Manado, North Sulawesi Indonesia.
The Governor of North Sulawesi had an informal meeting with the high-level/eminent participants, among others: Prof. Dr.Biliana Cicin- Sain who was also the head of committee of GOC 2008 and director of Global Forum, Dr. Ibrahim Thiaw, UNEP and Dr. Chu Hoi Nguyen, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Vietnam (local committee head of GOC 2008). At that meeting, they stated their support for WOC 2009. Prof. Dr.Biliana Cicin-Sain said that network of Global Forum that consists of some donor organizations and international NGOs such as World Bank, Global Environment Facility, World Oceans Network, UNDP, and others, all support the implementation of WOC 2009 in Manado. Dr. Ibrahim also said that UNEP fully supports and will participate in preparation of the implementation of WOC. One of the directors of UNEP convinced the Governor of North Sulawesi that the eminent persons of UNEP and UN are attaining to participate in WOC 2009.
In the closing ceremony of the conference, the Governor of North Sulawesi of Indonesia delivered his speech and stated that the committee of World Ocean Conference 2009 is honored to accept all the results of the conference to be discussed on May 11th-15th 2009 at The World Ocean Conference. The Governor also invited all the participants who attended or is not present at the conference but who are interested to participate in The World Ocean Conference 2009.
Marine sustainability and coastal areas are the front guard on climate change where the climate issue will radically change the marine sustainability and coastal areas, uncertainty increasing, demanding of strategy principled on climate change on sustainability process and requirement for increasing and applying the new way related with susceptible assessment and willingness to the difficult choice in facing negative impacts of the vulnerable community and ecosystem. At her opening speech, she also said that the agreements of this 4th Marine Global Conference will be discussed further and proceed in the World Ocean Conference in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia on May 11-15th 2009.
At the gala dinner hosted by the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Mr. Freddy Numberi, and The Governor of North Sulawesi, S.H Sarundajang, and The Embassy of Indonesia in Hanoi. Biliana said that Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country and possesses the highest marine biodiversity in the world is the precise place for hosting WOC 2009 and it was responded by applause from all the participants and guests of about 500 persons. Therefore, the Global Forum On Oceans, Coasts, and Islands fully supports and will totally assist this big event.
The Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Governor of North Sulawesi Indonesia accepted the appreciation from Global forum for their ideas and involvement in the effort to maintain marine and coastal ecosystem through the World Ocean Conference 2009 in Manado, North Sulawesi Indonesia.
The Governor of North Sulawesi had an informal meeting with the high-level/eminent participants, among others: Prof. Dr.Biliana Cicin- Sain who was also the head of committee of GOC 2008 and director of Global Forum, Dr. Ibrahim Thiaw, UNEP and Dr. Chu Hoi Nguyen, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Vietnam (local committee head of GOC 2008). At that meeting, they stated their support for WOC 2009. Prof. Dr.Biliana Cicin-Sain said that network of Global Forum that consists of some donor organizations and international NGOs such as World Bank, Global Environment Facility, World Oceans Network, UNDP, and others, all support the implementation of WOC 2009 in Manado. Dr. Ibrahim also said that UNEP fully supports and will participate in preparation of the implementation of WOC. One of the directors of UNEP convinced the Governor of North Sulawesi that the eminent persons of UNEP and UN are attaining to participate in WOC 2009.
In the closing ceremony of the conference, the Governor of North Sulawesi of Indonesia delivered his speech and stated that the committee of World Ocean Conference 2009 is honored to accept all the results of the conference to be discussed on May 11th-15th 2009 at The World Ocean Conference. The Governor also invited all the participants who attended or is not present at the conference but who are interested to participate in The World Ocean Conference 2009.
North Sulawesi Province History
North Sulawesi was established on 23 september 1964. First Governor of North Sulawesi is Mr. Arnold Baramuli. Until 2003, North Sulawesi consist of 2 cities and 3 regencies. They are Manado and Bitung cities also Minahasa, Bolaang Mongondow and Sangihe Talaud regencies. Nowdays, North Sulawesi consist of 4 cities they are, Manado, Tomohon, Bitung, and Kotamobagu also Minahasa, Minahasa utara, Minahasa Selatan, Minahasa Tenggara, Bolaang Mongondow, Bolaang Mongondow Utara, Sangihe, Talaud and Sitaro. North Sulawesi is one of the 32 provinces in the Republic of Indonesia, with its capital city being Manado. This region with an area of 1,533,698 ha is located at 0º30"- 4º 3" North Latitude and 121º127" East Longitude. Based on the regional government system, North Sulawesi is subdivided into the Manado Municipality, Bolaang Mongondow District, Sangihe Talaud District and Bitung Municipality. To the North this region borders on the Republic of the Philippines, Sulawesi Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The Eastern part is on the Maluku Sea and the Southern side is the Tomini Gulf. The western part borders Gorontalo Province which until the end of 2000 was a part of North Sulawesi and then became an own province.
The terrain is extremely mountainous and hilly, stretching from Lembean - Wulur Mahatus mountain chain (in Minahasa) continuing to Mount Ambang- Mount Gambuta (in Bolaang Mongondow). In Sangihe Talaud there are both active and extinct volcanoes, some towering 1,800 - 2,000 meters. Rich volcanic ash has blessed North Sulawesi with fertile lands; the highlands and lowlands producing rice, coconut, clove, nutmeg, vanilla and vegetables. The plains produce rice and corn in Dumoga, Ayong and Sangkub (Bolaang Mongondow). Plateaus in Tondano (Minahasa) also produce rice and corn, while Modoinding is know for its vegetables. Sangihe Talaud is recognized for its high quality nutmeg and Rumbia Trees (Sago Palm the source of a special flour for traditional cookies/snack). North Sulawesi is also endowed with many lakes like Lake Tondano and Lake Moat. The rivers like Ongkag Mongondow, Ongkag Dumoga, Sungai Sangkub, Randangan, Bulia and others are utilized mostly for irrigation of the ricefields. The Tondano River is used to generate electrical power for Manado and Minahasa regions.
Like other regions in Indonesia, North Sulawesi has a typical equatorial climate with two seasons: rainy and dry. Starting in September, cool Northwesterly winds pick up moisture while crossing the South China Sea and arrive in the Sulawesi Sea, about November. The wet season lasts from about November to March, and the dry season April to October. The total number of rain days is 90-130 days with approximately 3.000 mm average annual rainfall. The average temperature is 26 Celsius with the average humidity being 80%. The great 19th century naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913) was the first to observe that the Indonesia archipelago is inhabited by two distinct sets of wildlife. Wallace's Line, as this boundary is still known, is drawn between Bali and Lombok and between Kalimantan and Sulawesi, and continues South of the Philippines and North of Hawaii to mark the difference in the fauna and flora which belonged to the separate land masses in the last ice age. Indigenous to Sulawesi are the Anoa (dwarf buffalo), Babi Rusa (a wilds boar with tusks growing through the roof of its mouth), black tailless macaques, kuskus, maleo bird (which incubates its 250 gram eggs in mounds of soil warmed by sunlight, hot springs or volcanic vents), tarsier (tarsius spectrum -world's smallest primate) with its head and body length of just 10 cm, brightly colored Red - knobbed Hornbill, etc. Many of these species may seen in Tangkoko Batuangus Nature Reserve and Bogani Nani Wartabone (formerly known as Dumoga Bone) National Park.
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